In this review, we discuss the sources, formation, metabolism, function, biological activity, and potency of C3-epimers (epimers of vitamin D). We also determine the role of epimerase in vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) and vitamin D receptors (VDR) according to different subcellular localizations.
The importance of C3 epimerization and the metabolic pathway of vitamin D at the hydroxyl group have recently been recognized. Here, the hydroxyl group at the C3 position is orientated differently from the alpha to beta orientation in space. However, the details of this epimerization pathway are not yet clearly understood. Even the gene encoding for the enzyme involved in epimerization has not yet been identified.
Many published research articles have illustrated the biological activity of C3 epimeric metabolites using an in vitro model, but the studies on in vivo models are substantially inadequate. The metabolic stability of 3-epi-1α,25(OH)2D3 has been demonstrated to be higher than its primary metabolites. 3-epi-1 alpha, 25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (3-epi-1α,25(OH)2D3) is thought to have fewer calcemic effects than non-epimeric forms of vitamin D.
Some researchers have observed a larger proportion of total vitamin D as C3-epimers in infants than in adults. Insufficient levels of vitamin D were found in mothers and their newborns when the epimers were not included in the measurement of vitamin D. Oral supplementation of vitamin D has also been found to potentially cause increased production of epimers in mice but not humans.
Moreover, routine vitamin D blood tests for healthy adults will not be significantly affected by epimeric interference using LC-MS/MS assays. Recent genetic models also show that the genetic determinants and the potential factors of C3-epimers differ from those of non-C3-epimers.Most commercial immunoassays techniques can lead to inaccurate vitamin D results due to epimeric interference, especially in infants and pregnant women.
PPQ-102 |
B3504-10 |
ApexBio |
10 mg |
EUR 242 |
PPQ-102 |
B3504-5 |
ApexBio |
5 mg |
EUR 151 |
PPQ-102 |
B3504-50 |
ApexBio |
50 mg |
EUR 863 |
PM 102 |
B5517-1 |
ApexBio |
1 mg |
EUR 601 |
MM-102 |
B1582-2 |
ApexBio |
2 mg |
EUR 128 |
Description: MM-102 is an antagonist of MLL1 with IC50 value of 2.4nM [1].Mixed lineage leukemia 1 (MLL1) is a histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) methyltransferase. |
MM-102 |
B1582-20 |
ApexBio |
20 mg |
EUR 593 |
Description: MM-102 is an antagonist of MLL1 with IC50 value of 2.4nM [1].Mixed lineage leukemia 1 (MLL1) is a histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) methyltransferase. |
p38 protein |
E20-80078 |
EnoGene |
20ug |
EUR 408 |
p38 protein |
E20-80079 |
EnoGene |
20ug |
EUR 408 |
p38 Antibody |
35478-100ul |
SAB |
100ul |
EUR 390 |
p38 Antibody |
20-abx133223 |
Abbexa |
-
EUR 300.00
-
EUR 439.00
-
EUR 189.00
|
|
|
p38 Antibody |
20-abx141038 |
Abbexa |
-
EUR 356.00
-
EUR 537.00
-
EUR 217.00
|
|
|
p38 Antibody |
20-abx007541 |
Abbexa |
-
EUR 300.00
-
EUR 439.00
-
EUR 189.00
|
|
|
p38 Antibody |
abx236076-100ug |
Abbexa |
100 ug |
EUR 481 |
|
p38 Antibody |
48644-100ul |
SAB |
100ul |
EUR 333 |
p38 Antibody |
48644-50ul |
SAB |
50ul |
EUR 239 |
anti-p38 |
YF-PA11120 |
Abfrontier |
50 ug |
EUR 363 |
Description: Mouse polyclonal to p38 |
anti-p38 |
YF-PA11121 |
Abfrontier |
100 ug |
EUR 403 |
Description: Rabbit polyclonal to p38 |
anti-p38 |
YF-PA23519 |
Abfrontier |
50 ul |
EUR 334 |
Description: Mouse polyclonal to p38 |
anti-p38 |
YF-PA23520 |
Abfrontier |
50 ul |
EUR 334 |
Description: Mouse polyclonal to p38 |
anti-p38 |
YF-PA23521 |
Abfrontier |
50 ul |
EUR 334 |
Description: Mouse polyclonal to p38 |
p38 antibody |
70R-51505 |
Fitzgerald |
100 ul |
EUR 268 |
Description: Purified Polyclonal p38 antibody |
p38 antibody |
70R-51506 |
Fitzgerald |
100 ul |
EUR 287 |
Description: Purified Polyclonal p38 antibody |
SB-203580 p38 MAPK(p38 MAP kinase) Inhibitor |
E1B1863 |
EnoGene |
1mg |
EUR 161 |
p38 Polyclonal Antibody |
ES8347-100ul |
ELK Biotech |
100ul |
EUR 279 |
Description: A Rabbit Polyclonal antibody against p38 from Human/Mouse/Rat/Chicken. This antibody is tested and validated for WB, ELISA, WB, ELISA |
p38 Polyclonal Antibody |
ES8347-50ul |
ELK Biotech |
50ul |
EUR 207 |
Description: A Rabbit Polyclonal antibody against p38 from Human/Mouse/Rat/Chicken. This antibody is tested and validated for WB, ELISA, WB, ELISA |
p38 Polyclonal Antibody |
ES4837-100ul |
ELK Biotech |
100ul |
EUR 279 |
Description: A Rabbit Polyclonal antibody against p38 from Human/Mouse/Rat. This antibody is tested and validated for WB, ELISA, IHC, IF, WB, ELISA |
p38 Polyclonal Antibody |
ES4838-100ul |
ELK Biotech |
100ul |
EUR 279 |
Description: A Rabbit Polyclonal antibody against p38 from Human/Mouse/Rat. This antibody is tested and validated for WB, ELISA, IHC, WB, ELISA |
p38 Polyclonal Antibody |
ES4838-50ul |
ELK Biotech |
50ul |
EUR 207 |
Description: A Rabbit Polyclonal antibody against p38 from Human/Mouse/Rat. This antibody is tested and validated for WB, ELISA, IHC, WB, ELISA |
p38 Polyclonal Antibody |
ES4837-50ul |
ELK Biotech |
50ul |
EUR 207 |
Description: A Rabbit Polyclonal antibody against p38 from Human/Mouse/Rat. This antibody is tested and validated for WB, ELISA, IHC, IF, WB, ELISA |
p38 Polyclonal Antibody |
ES3111-50ul |
ELK Biotech |
50ul |
EUR 207 |
Description: A Rabbit Polyclonal antibody against p38 from Human/Mouse/Rat. This antibody is tested and validated for WB, ELISA, IHC, WB, ELISA |
p38 Polyclonal Antibody |
ES3112-100ul |
ELK Biotech |
100ul |
EUR 279 |
Description: A Rabbit Polyclonal antibody against p38 from Human/Mouse/Rat. This antibody is tested and validated for WB, ELISA, IHC, IF, WB, ELISA |
p38 Polyclonal Antibody |
ES3112-50ul |
ELK Biotech |
50ul |
EUR 207 |
Description: A Rabbit Polyclonal antibody against p38 from Human/Mouse/Rat. This antibody is tested and validated for WB, ELISA, IHC, IF, WB, ELISA |
p38 Polyclonal Antibody |
ES3111-100ul |
ELK Biotech |
100ul |
EUR 279 |
Description: A Rabbit Polyclonal antibody against p38 from Human/Mouse/Rat. This antibody is tested and validated for WB, ELISA, IHC, WB, ELISA |
p38 alpha-MAPK14 |
RA15053 |
Neuromics |
100 ug |
EUR 526 |
Anti-p38 Antibody |
A00176 |
BosterBio |
100ul |
EUR 397 |
Description: Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody for p38 Antibody (MAPK14) detection.tested for WB in Human, Mouse, Rat. |
p38 Polyclonal Antibody |
ABP57354-003ml |
Abbkine |
0.03ml |
EUR 158 |
|
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of p38 from Human, Mouse, Rat, Chicken. This p38 antibody is for WB, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from the C-terminal region of human p38 |
p38 Polyclonal Antibody |
ABP57354-01ml |
Abbkine |
0.1ml |
EUR 289 |
|
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of p38 from Human, Mouse, Rat, Chicken. This p38 antibody is for WB, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from the C-terminal region of human p38 |
p38 Polyclonal Antibody |
ABP57354-02ml |
Abbkine |
0.2ml |
EUR 414 |
|
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of p38 from Human, Mouse, Rat, Chicken. This p38 antibody is for WB, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from the C-terminal region of human p38 |
p38 Polyclonal Antibody |
ABP52112-003ml |
Abbkine |
0.03ml |
EUR 158 |
|
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of p38 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This p38 antibody is for WB, IHC-P, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from human p38 around the non-phosphorylation site of T180/Y182 |
p38 Polyclonal Antibody |
ABP52112-01ml |
Abbkine |
0.1ml |
EUR 289 |
|
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of p38 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This p38 antibody is for WB, IHC-P, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from human p38 around the non-phosphorylation site of T180/Y182 |
p38 Polyclonal Antibody |
ABP52112-02ml |
Abbkine |
0.2ml |
EUR 414 |
|
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of p38 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This p38 antibody is for WB, IHC-P, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from human p38 around the non-phosphorylation site of T180/Y182 |
p38 Polyclonal Antibody |
ABP52113-003ml |
Abbkine |
0.03ml |
EUR 158 |
|
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of p38 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This p38 antibody is for WB, IHC-P, IF, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from human p38 around the non-phosphorylation site of Y323 |
p38 Polyclonal Antibody |
ABP52113-01ml |
Abbkine |
0.1ml |
EUR 289 |
|
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of p38 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This p38 antibody is for WB, IHC-P, IF, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from human p38 around the non-phosphorylation site of Y323 |
p38 Polyclonal Antibody |
ABP52113-02ml |
Abbkine |
0.2ml |
EUR 414 |
|
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of p38 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This p38 antibody is for WB, IHC-P, IF, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from human p38 around the non-phosphorylation site of Y323 |
p38 Polyclonal Antibody |
ABP53838-003ml |
Abbkine |
0.03ml |
EUR 158 |
|
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of p38 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This p38 antibody is for WB, IHC-P, IF, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from human p38 around the non-phosphorylation site of T180 |
p38 Polyclonal Antibody |
ABP53838-01ml |
Abbkine |
0.1ml |
EUR 289 |
|
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of p38 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This p38 antibody is for WB, IHC-P, IF, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from human p38 around the non-phosphorylation site of T180 |
p38 Polyclonal Antibody |
ABP53838-02ml |
Abbkine |
0.2ml |
EUR 414 |
|
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of p38 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This p38 antibody is for WB, IHC-P, IF, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from human p38 around the non-phosphorylation site of T180 |
p38 Polyclonal Antibody |
ABP53839-003ml |
Abbkine |
0.03ml |
EUR 158 |
|
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of p38 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This p38 antibody is for WB, IF, IHC-P, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from human p38 around the non-phosphorylation site of Y182 |
p38 Polyclonal Antibody |
ABP53839-01ml |
Abbkine |
0.1ml |
EUR 289 |
|
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of p38 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This p38 antibody is for WB, IF, IHC-P, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from human p38 around the non-phosphorylation site of Y182 |
p38 Polyclonal Antibody |
ABP53839-02ml |
Abbkine |
0.2ml |
EUR 414 |
|
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of p38 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This p38 antibody is for WB, IF, IHC-P, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from human p38 around the non-phosphorylation site of Y182 |
p38 Blocking Peptide |
20-abx061736 |
Abbexa |
|
|
|
p38 Blocking Peptide |
20-abx062080 |
Abbexa |
|
|
|
p38 (pY323) Antibody |
20-abx133058 |
Abbexa |
-
EUR 314.00
-
EUR 467.00
-
EUR 203.00
|
|
|
p38 (pY182) Antibody |
20-abx134951 |
Abbexa |
-
EUR 384.00
-
EUR 606.00
-
EUR 230.00
|
|
|
p38 (pT180) Antibody |
20-abx009863 |
Abbexa |
-
EUR 314.00
-
EUR 467.00
-
EUR 203.00
|
|
|
p38 MAPK Antibody |
20-abx012798 |
Abbexa |
-
EUR 314.00
-
EUR 98.00
-
EUR 398.00
-
EUR 495.00
|
- 100 ug
- 10 ug
- 200 ug
- 300 µg
|
|
p38 MAPK Antibody |
20-abx012875 |
Abbexa |
-
EUR 314.00
-
EUR 98.00
-
EUR 398.00
-
EUR 495.00
|
- 100 ug
- 10 ug
- 200 ug
- 300 µg
|
|
p38 MAPK Antibody |
abx236077-100ug |
Abbexa |
100 ug |
EUR 481 |
|
p38 Blocking Peptide |
20-abx161932 |
Abbexa |
|
|
|
Anti-p38 antibody |
STJ97615 |
St John's Laboratory |
200 µl |
EUR 197 |
Description: Rabbit polyclonal to p38. |
Anti-p38 antibody |
STJ94876 |
St John's Laboratory |
200 µl |
EUR 197 |
Description: Rabbit polyclonal to p38. |
Anti-p38 antibody |
STJ94877 |
St John's Laboratory |
200 µl |
EUR 197 |
Description: Rabbit polyclonal to p38. |
Anti-p38 antibody |
STJ94878 |
St John's Laboratory |
200 µl |
EUR 197 |
Description: p38 is a protein encoded by the MAPK14 gene which is approximately 41,2 kDa. p38 is localised to the cytoplasm and nucleus. It is involved in activated TLR4 signalling, the IL-2 pathway, toll-like receptor signalling pathways, the VEGF signalling pathway and 4-1BB pathway. This protein falls under the MAP kinase family. It acts as an integration point for multiple biochemical signals, and is involved in a wide variety of cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, transcription regulation and development. This kinase is activated by various environmental stresses and proinflammatory cytokines. p38 is expressed in the brain, heart, placenta, pancreas and skeletal muscle. Mutations in the MAPK14 gene may result in patellar tendinitis and lumbosacral lipoma. STJ94878 was affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogen. This polyclonal antibody detects endogenous levels of p38 protein. |
Anti-p38 antibody |
STJ94879 |
St John's Laboratory |
200 µl |
EUR 197 |
Description: Rabbit polyclonal to p38. |
Anti-P38 antibody |
STJ98898 |
St John's Laboratory |
200 µl |
EUR 197 |
Description: Mouse monoclonal to P38. |
Anti-P38 antibody |
STJ98899 |
St John's Laboratory |
200 µl |
EUR 197 |
Description: Mouse monoclonal to P38. |
p38 Polyclonal Antibody |
41305-100ul |
SAB |
100ul |
EUR 252 |
p38 Polyclonal Antibody |
41305-50ul |
SAB |
50ul |
EUR 187 |
p38 Polyclonal Antibody |
41306-100ul |
SAB |
100ul |
EUR 252 |
p38 Polyclonal Antibody |
41306-50ul |
SAB |
50ul |
EUR 187 |
p38 MAPK Antibody |
49379-100ul |
SAB |
100ul |
EUR 333 |
p38 MAPK Antibody |
49379-50ul |
SAB |
50ul |
EUR 239 |
anti- p38 antibody |
FNab06076 |
FN Test |
100µg |
EUR 505.25 |
|
Description: Antibody raised against p38 |
p38 MAPK Antibody |
AF6455 |
Affbiotech |
200ul |
EUR 304 |
Description: p38 MAPK Antibody detects endogenous levels of total p38 MAPK. |
p38 MAPK Antibody |
AF6456 |
Affbiotech |
200ul |
EUR 304 |
Description: p38 MAPK Antibody detects endogenous levels of total p38 MAPK. |
p38 MAPK Antibody |
AF6457 |
Affbiotech |
200ul |
EUR 304 |
Description: p38 MAPK Antibody detects endogenous levels of total p38 MAPK. |
Anti-p38 alpha |
DB1039 |
DB Biotech |
100 tests |
EUR 474 |
Anti-p38 gamma |
DB1041 |
DB Biotech |
100 tests |
EUR 474 |
Anti-p38 delta |
DB1042 |
DB Biotech |
100 tests |
EUR 474 |
Anti-p38 alpha |
DB-1039 |
DB Biotech |
100 tests |
EUR 474 |
Anti-p38 beta |
DB-1040 |
DB Biotech |
100 tests |
EUR 474 |
Anti-p38 gamma |
DB-1041 |
DB Biotech |
100 tests |
EUR 474 |
Anti-p38 delta |
DB-1042 |
DB Biotech |
100 tests |
EUR 474 |
It is also known that the LC-MS/MS technique can chromatographically separate epimeric and isobaric interference and detect vitamin D metabolites sensitively and accurately. Unfortunately, many labs around the world do not take into account the interference caused by epimers. In this review, various methods and techniques for the analysis of C3-epimers are also discussed. The authors believe that C3-epimers may have an important role to play in clinical research, and further research is warranted.